1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Bonefos Capsules.
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Pale yellow, hard gelatin capsules, printed 'BONEFOS' in black and containing 500 mg sodium clodronate tetrahydrate, equivalent to 400 mg anhydrous sodium clodronate.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Capsules for oral administration.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
BONEFOS Capsules are indicated for the management of osteolytic lesions, hypercalcaemia and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases in patients with carcinoma of the breast or multiple myeloma.
BONEFOS Capsules are also indicated for the maintenance of clinically acceptable serum calcium levels in patients with hypercalcaemia of malignancy initially treated with an intravenous bisphosphonate.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
Adequate fluid intake should be maintained during treatment.
Adults:
A daily dose of 1600 mg should be taken as a single dose. When higher daily doses are used, the part of the dose exceeding 1600 mg should be taken separately (as a second dose) as recommended below.
The single daily dose and the first dose of two should preferably be taken in the morning on an empty stomach together with a glass of water. The patient should then refrain from eating, drinking (other than plain water), and taking any other oral drugs for one hour.
When twice daily dosing is used, the first dose should be taken as recommended above. The second dose should be taken between meals, more than two hours after and one hour before eating, drinking (other than plain water), or taking any other oral drugs.
Clodronate should in no case be taken with milk, food or drugs containing calcium or other divalent cations because they impair the absorption of clodronate.
The oral bioavailability of bisphosphonates is poor. Bioequivalence studies have shown appreciable differences in bioavailability between different oral formulations of sodium clodronate, as well as marked inter- and intra-patient variability. Dose adjustment may be required if the formulation is changed.
Dose adjustment is not recommended when switching between BONEFOS capsule and tablet formulations (please refer to the pharmacokinetics section below for additional information).
Renal impairment:
Clodronate is eliminated mainly via the kidneys. Therefore, it should be used with caution in patients with renal failure; daily doses exceeding 1600mg should not be used continuously.
In patients with mild renal failure (50 – 80 ml/min) no dose reduction is recommended.
In patients with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance between 10 and 30 ml/min), the daily dose should be reduced to half the adult dose, i.e. 800 mg sodium clodronate. Sodium clodronate is contra-indicated in patients with creatinine clearance below 10 ml/min.
Children:
BONEFOS has not been evaluated in children.
Elderly:
There are no special dosage recommendations in the elderly. Clinical trials have included patients over 65 years and no adverse reactions specific to this age group have been reported.
4.3 Contraindications
Bonefos Capsules are contraindicated in patients with severe renal failure (creatinine clearance below 10ml/min), hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients and in patients receiving concomitant treatment with other bisphosphonates.
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Patients with renal insufficiency
BONEFOS Capsules should be administered with care to patients with renal insufficiency. It is recommended that appropriate monitoring of hydration status and renal function with serum creatinine measurement be carried out during treatment. Serum calcium should be monitored periodically.
Dental conditions and osteonecrosis of the jaw
Osteonecrosis of the jaw, generally associated with tooth extraction and/or local infection (including osteomyelitis) has been reported in patients with cancer receiving treatment regimens including primarily intravenously administered bisphosphonates. Many of these patients were also receiving chemotherapy and corticosteroids. Osteonecrosis of the jaw has also been reported in patients with osteoporosis receiving oral bisphosphonates.
A dental examination with appropriate preventive dentistry should be considered prior to treatment with bisphosphonates in patients with concomitant risk factors (e.g. cancer, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, corticosteroids, poor oral hygiene).
While on treatment, these patients should avoid invasive dental procedures if possible. For patients who develop osteonecrosis of the jaw while on bisphosphonate therapy, dental surgery may exacerbate the condition. For patients requiring dental procedures, there are no data available to suggest whether discontinuation of bisphosphonate treatment reduces the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw.
Clinical judgement of the treating physician should guide the management plan of each patient based on individual benefit/risk assessment.
Atypical fractures of the femur
Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures have been reported with bisphosphonate therapy, primarily in patients receiving long-term treatment for osteoporosis. These transverse or short oblique fractures can occur anywhere along the femur from just below the lesser trochanter to just above the supracondylar flare. These fractures occur after minimal or no trauma and some patients experience thigh or groin pain, often associated with imaging features of stress fractures, weeks to months before presenting with a completed femoral fracture. Fractures are often bilateral; therefore the contralateral femur should be examined in bisphosphonate-treated patients who have sustained a femoral shaft fracture. Poor healing of these fractures has also been reported. Discontinuation of bisphosphonate therapy in patients suspected to have an atypical femur fracture should be considered pending evaluation of the patient, based on an individual benefit risk assessment.
During bisphosphonate treatment patients should be advised to report any thigh, hip or groin pain and any patient presenting with such symptoms should be evaluated for an incomplete femur fracture.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Concomitant use of other bisphosphonates is contraindicated. Patients receiving NSAIDs in addition to sodium clodronate have developed renal dysfunction. However, a synergistic action has not been established. As aminoglycosides can cause hypocalcaemia concomitant clodronate should be administered with caution.
Concomitant use of estramustine phosphate with clodronate has been reported to increase the serum concentration of estramustine phosphate by 80% at the maximum.
Bonefos forms complexes with divalent metal ions, and therefore simultaneous administration with food, antacids and mineral supplements may impair absorption.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
There are limited amount of data from the use of clodronate in pregnant women. Bonefos is not recommended during pregnancy and in women of childbearing potential not using effective contraception. Although in animals clodronate passes through the placental barrier it is not known if it passes into the fetus in humans. Furthermore, it is not known if clodronate can cause fetal damage or affect reproduction in humans. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3).
It is unknown whether clodronate is excreted in human milk. A risk to the suckling child cannot be excluded. Breast-feeding should be discontinued during treatement with Bonefos.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
None known.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
The most common reported drug reaction is diarrhoea which is usually mild and occurs more commonly with higher doses.
These adverse reactions may occur when using Bonefos:
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* in patients with metastatic disease, may also be due to hepatic and bone disease.
** usually mild – use of the divided dose regimen rather than a single daily dose may improve gastro-intestinal tolerance.
The most appropriate MedDRA term is used to describe a certain reaction and its synonyms and related conditions.
4.9 Overdose
Symptoms:
Increases in serum creatinine and renal dysfunction have been reported with high intravenous doses of clodronate. It is theoretically possible that hypocalcaemia may develop up to 2 or 3 days following the overdose.
Treatment:
Treatment of overdose should be symptomatic. Adequate hydration should be ensured, and renal function and serum calcium should be monitored. Serum calcium should be monitored and oral or parenteral calcium supplementation may be needed.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Clodronate is a bisphosphonate (formerly diphosphonate), a group of analogues of pyrophosphate which have been shown, in vitro, to inhibit the formation and dissolution of calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite). In vivo, they have been shown to inhibit bone resorption to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the compound , and clodronate is one of the most effective in this respect.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Absorption
As with other bisphosphonates, the gastrointestinal absorption of clodronate is low, about 2%. The absorption of clodronate is rapid, the peak serum concentration after a single oral dose is reached within 30 minutes. Due to the strong affinity of clodronate for calcium and other divalent cations, the absorption is negligible when clodronate is taken with meals or drugs containing divalent cations. In a study, where clodronate administration 2 h before breakfast was used as the reference treatment, a dose-breakfast interval of 1 h or 0.5 h decreased the bioavailability of clodronate, but the difference was not statistically significant (relative bioavailability 91% and 69%, respectively). In addition, there is large inter- and intraindividual variation in the gastrointestinal absorption of clodronate. Despite the large intraindividual variation in the absorption of clodronate, the exposure to clodronate remains constant during long-term treatment.
Distribution and elimination
The plasma protein binding of clodronate is low, and the distribution volume is 20-50 l. The elimination of clodronate from serum is characterized by two clearly distinguished phases: the distribution phase with a half-life of about 2 hours, and an elimination phase which is very slow because clodronate is strongly bound to bone. Clodronate is mainly eliminated via the kidneys. About 80% of the absorbed clodronate appears in urine during a follow-up of a few days. The substance which is bound to bone (about 20% of the absorbed amount) is excreted more slowly, and the renal clearance is about 75% of the plasma clearance.
Clodronate is removed by haemodialysis. The dose studied is 300mg given by slow infusion 2 h before haemodialysis. 35% of clodronate dose collected in the 4 h dialysate. No other doses were studied. Furthermore, as stated by the authors: “Bone uptake of clodronate and presumably clinical effectivity decreased with a dose reduction of clodronate”.
Characteristics in patients
Because clodronate affects bone there is no clear relationship between plasma or blood concentrations of clodronate and the therapeutic activity or with adverse drug reactions. Apart from renal insufficiency, which decreases the renal clearance of clodronate, the pharmacokinetic profile is not affected by any known factor related to age, drug metabolism or other pathological conditions.
Data from a bioequivalence study show that, based on serum clodronate concentrations, the relative bioavailability of the tablet formulation is 91% (90% confidence interval 76-107%) of that of the capsule formulation. Urinary excretion of clodronate from one Bonefos 800 mg tablet is 92% (90% confidence interval 80-107%) of that of two Bonefos 400 mg capsules.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Systemic tolerance:
Repeated dose oral and intravenous toxicity studies in rats and mini-pigs up to 6 to 12 months duration respectively have been performed. . At oral daily doses up to 480 mg/kg in rats and 800 mg/kg in mini-pigs no test substance related mortality was noted. In these studies, the effect of clodronate was observed in the following organs (the observed changes within brackets): bone (sclerosis related to the pharmacological effects of clodronate), gastrointestinal tract (irritation), blood (lymphopenia, effects on hemostasis), kidneys (dilated tubules, proteinuria), and liver (elevation of serum transaminases).
Reproduction toxicity:
In reproductive toxicity studies in the rat, clodronate at exposures at or below clinical exposure levels caused maternal mortality around the time of parturition and is believed to be as a result of hypocalcaemia. In teratology studies in rats and rabbits at oral daily dosages of 200 mg/kg and 300mg/kg respectively (0.5 to 2 times the maximum clinical dose based on body surface area, mg/m2), no adverse or teratogenic effects were observed in the offspring. At higher doses associated with maternal toxicity, there was reduced litter size in the rabbit and a reduction in foetal body weight, reduced ossification and renal pelvis dilation in the rat.
In fertility studies in the rat, clodronate 600 mg/kg/day in males was associated with reduced body weight, lesions in the testes and epididymides and reduced mating performance.
After one month of subcutaneous administration of clodronate to newborn rats, skeletal changes resembling osteopetrosis were found, which are related to the pharmacological effects of clodronate.
Carcinogenicity:
Clodronate has not shown genotoxic potential. No carcinogenic effects have been observed in long term studies with rats and mice.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Calcium stearate, colloidal silica, lactose and talc. The capsule shell contains gelatin, titanium dioxide (E171), yellow iron oxide (E172) and red iron oxide (E172).
6.2 Incompatibilities
None stated.
6.3 Shelf Life
The shelf life expiry date for this product shall not exceed 5 years from the date of its manufacture.
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
BONEFOS Capsules should be stored below 25 °C.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
Bonefos capsules are packaged in HDPE containers or clear PVC/aluminium blister packs.
Registered pack sizes are 28, 30, 100, 112 and 120 capsules.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
None stated.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Bayer plc
Bayer House
Strawberry Hill
Newbury
Berks RG14 1JA
Trading as Bayer plc, Bayer Schering Pharma
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 00010/0521
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
01 May 2008
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
16 August 2011
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